Fig. 12.1 The molecular structure of etomidate. Etomidate has a single chiral carbon. The R enantiomer (shown) is the more potent form and the one used clinically The initial characterization…
Fig. 9.1 Closed-loop control of propofol infusion aiming to maintain a bispectral value of 80 in a patient receiving sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. The infusion was controlled by an automated…
Authors N Incidence (%) Sandin and Nordström [8] 1727 0.2 Miller et al. [9] 90 6.7 Nordstrom et al. [10] 1000 0.2 Errando et al. [11] 4001 1.1 Zhang et…
Fig. 17.1 The influence of epidural ropivacaine dose (a) and the number of blocked epidural segments (b) on the elimination clearance (CL) of propofol. An epidural dose of 150 mg ropivacaine…
Route Advantages Disadvantages Intravenous Can be titrated and delivered continuously Requires IV access, may have more side effects, may progress to anesthesia more easily Oral Simple, often most acceptable method…
Water soluble Stable in solution Long shelf life No pain on intravenous injection Nonirritant if given subcutaneously Painful on arterial injection No sequelae after intra-arterial injection Low incidence of venous…
Fig. 13.1 Physiological functions of a2 adrenoceptor subtypes derived from gene-targeted mouse models. Endogenous catecholamines stimulate a2 adrenoceptors to mediate essential physiological functions (upper panels): The a-2B adrenoceptor subtype is…
Fig. 20.1 A schematic representation of the brain . The cortical area or cortex (shown in deep blue) is where conscious processes are integrated, and the subcortical areas (shown in…
Fig. 35.1 Generic closed-loop scheme The most ubiquitous controller is the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller [11]. This controller calculates the difference between the measured output and the setpoint to adjust input…
1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000 GA case numbers 4492 4933 4916 4843 Number of TIVA cases 2587 3063 3022 3232 TIVA (%) 58 62 61 67 Mean time/case (h) 0.47…
