Fig. 24.1 Type of infective disease according to anatomical layer ): 1. Skin   2. Subcutaneous tissue   3. Muscles (separated from subcutaneous tissue by fascia or aponeurosis)   Three…

Fig. 13.1 Gastric body partition, gastrojejunostomy, and simple closure of the perforated peptic ulcer. A lateral duodenostomy may be added for bile drainage For gastric ulcers While benign gastric ulcers…

Fig. 9.1 Colonic bleeding in colonoscopy High-risk patients may be referred to appropriate institutes. Low-risk patients may be discharged earlier. Management Endoscopy can be used as a potential therapeutic tool…

Fig. 21.1 Key anatomy of the diaphragm. (a) Diaphragm viewed from the abdomen. Heavy dotted lines show the paths of phrenic nerves. Dark lines show potential incisions which can be…

Fig. 20.1 Mobilization of the distal pancreas and spleen 20.1.3 Maneuver 3: Pancreatic Head Divide the lateral peritoneal attachment of the second part of the duodenum and mobilize the entire…

Fig. 22.1 Common sites of ectopic pregnancy Symptoms and Signs The triad of amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, and lower abdominal pain in sexually active women should raise the suspicion for an…

Fig. 8.1 Steps of midline xipho-pubic incision 1. Place a pad on each side of the planned incision.   2. Maintain equal traction on each side and use the scalpel…

Embolism Thrombosis No previous symptoms History of claudication Obvious source of emboli (atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, aorta, popliteal aneurysm) No source of emboli (atheromatosis, vessel stenosis) Sudden onset Long history…

Classification Lesion Rebleeding rate Grade Ia Arterial spurting hemorrhage High Grade Ib Oozing hemorrhage High Grade IIa Visible vessel High Grade IIb Adherent clot Medium Grade IIc Dark base (hematin…

Degree Description I Hemorrhoids prolapse beyond the dentate line on straining II Hemorrhoids prolapse through the anus on straining but reduce spontaneously III Hemorrhoids prolapse through the anus; require manual…