33 Anesthesia for Conjoined Twins Philip D. Bailey and Lynne G. Maxwell Conjoined twins are identical twins whose bodies are joined in utero. The prevalence is estimated to range from…

20 Anesthesia for Neurosurgical Procedures Roby Sebastian and Craig D. McClain Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) is a complicated network of neurons that integrates a myriad of sensory input…

27 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Elizabeth C. Eastburn and Bridget L. Muldowney Introduction The diaphragm begins to form at four weeks gestation and is completely formed by the eighth to tenth…

18 New Anesthetic Agents on the Horizon Thomas Weismueller and Kai Matthes Introduction Every year six million children, including 1.5 million infants, receive general anesthesia for a surgical procedure within…

16 Neonatal Ventilation Strategies Gerhard K. Wolf Introduction Neonatal lung injury differs from acute lung injury (ALI) in older children and adults in a number of ways. Neonatal respiratory failure…

7 Oxygen Management Concerns About Both Hyperoxia and Hypoxia in Neonates During Critical Care and Intraoperatively Augusto Sola Introduction Many therapies and interventions are not based on proven benefit, but…

11 Myopathies of the Newborn Vincent Hsieh and Phil G. Morgan Introduction The differential diagnosis of hypotonia in newborns and infants is significantly different from that of older pediatric patients….

3 Origin of the NICU Amy Vinson The Lion incubator was invented in 1891, but its approval for use in hospitals lagged behind. The first public use of an incubator…

9 Neonatal Resuscitation Monica E. Kleinman The transition from in utero fetal physiology to the immediate postnatal state involves rapid changes in cardiopulmonary function and metabolic regulation. Among the most…

5 Measures of Carbon Dioxide Lawrence Rhein Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) is an essential indicator of ventilation and respiratory function. PaCO2 represents the balance between production and elimination…