Figure 7.1. Anatomy of the bony and ligamentous components of the lumbar spine. The same structures are present at all vertebral levels although the shapes of the structures differ with…

7. Overall, this delivery system has been highly effective in providing appropriate analgesia for postoperative patients. a. PCA, when compared to nurse-administered opioids, whether IV or IM, provides better analgesia…

Figure 20.1. Modified Atkinson approach to facial nerve block. The needle is inserted 2 cm lateral to the lateral border of the orbit, which is usually 2 to 3 cm…

Figure 11.1. Sympathetic nervous system pathways. Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies reside in the intermediolateral gray matter of the spinal cord (T1-L2) and receive input from neurons descending from the brainstem…

Figure 14.1. Suprascapular nerve block. The spine of the scapula is marked and the midpoint identified by the intersection of the line from the tip of the scapula. The notch…

C. Drugs. In children, most local anesthetics should be dosed in milliliter per kilogram to avoid toxicity associated with larger volumes used in adult blocks. 1. Bupivacaine. A dose of…

Figure 17.1. Nasal airway anesthesia. Cotton pledgets soaked with anesthetic are inserted along the inferior and middle turbinates to produce anesthesia of the underlying sphenopalatine ganglion by transmembrane diffusion of…

Figure 18.1. Cutaneous innervation of the head and face. The posterior half of the head is innervated by branches from the dorsal rami of the C2 spinal nerves. The face…

Figure 22.1. Extent and duration of subarachnoid anesthesia with 40 mg lidocaine or 2-chloroprocaine in volunteers. (Adapted from Kouri ME, Kopacz DJ. Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: a comparison with lidocaine in volunteers….

Figure 19.1. Anatomy of deep cervical plexus block. The transverse processes lie under the lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, each with a distal trough or sulcus that defines the…