C Forearm and hand surgery 1. Introduction     Surgical procedures on the hand or forearm may be precipitated by violent trauma resulting in complex or dislocated fractures to the bones of the…

J Anesthesia for the pregnant patient undergoing a nonobstetric procedure 1. Introduction a) Surgery for nonobstetric procedures occurs in up to 2% of women. b) Approximately 42% of procedures occur in the first…

I Obstetric complications From 1990 to 2005, the maternal mortality rate in the United States was 15 per 100,000 live births. The most common causes of maternal death include hemorrhage,…

H Vaginal delivery 1. Preoperative assessment     See the discussion of C-section earlier in this section. 2. Patient preparation a) All patients should have an IV catheter 18 gauge or larger placed and should…

G Pelvic exenteration 1. Introduction     Pelvic exenteration is performed for the treatment of advanced, recurrent, radioresistant cervical carcinoma. It is considered a radical surgical approach because all pelvic tissues, including the…

F Loop electrosurgical excision procedure 1. Introduction     The loop electrosurgical excision procedure is performed for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. This form of electrosurgery uses a loop electrode…

E Hysterectomy: Vaginal or total abdominal 1. Introduction     Hysterectomy is commonly performed to treat uncontrolled uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, uterine myoma, gynecologic cancer, adhesions, endometriosis, and pelvic relaxation syndrome. Frequently, laparoscopy is…

D Gynecologic laparoscopy 1. Introduction     Laparoscopy is a common endoscopic technique in gynecologic procedures. It is frequently used to diagnose or treat pelvic conditions that may include sterilization, adhesions, pain, endometriosis,…

B Cesarean section 1. Introduction     A cesarean section (C-section) is the surgical removal of a fetus through an abdominal and uterine incision. A low transverse incision is the most common; in…

C Dilatation and curettage 1. Introduction     Dilatation and curettage (D & C) involves dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrial lining of the uterus. The procedure is done to…