I Hemorrhoidectomy 1. Introduction Hemorrhoids are masses of vascular tissue found in the anal canal. Internal hemorrhoids are found above the pectinate line, arise from the superior hemorrhoidal venous plexus, and…

H Gastrostomy 1. Introduction A gastrostomy involves the placement of a semipermanent tube through the abdominal wall directly into the stomach. These tubes are used for gastric decompression or for feeding….

F Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy 1. Introduction Flexible, diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a common procedure in pediatrics, is usually performed with the patient under deep sedation in an endoscopy suite or special procedure area….

G Gastrectomy 1. Introduction Total gastrectomy is annually performed for gastric cancer. 2. Preoperative assessment and patient preparation a) History and physical: Assess fluid and hydration status. The patient may be vomiting or…

E Esophageal resection 1. Introduction Esophagectomy is commonly performed for malignant disease of the middle and lower third of the esophagus. It may also be indicated for Barrett’s esophagus (peptic ulcer…

C Colectomy 1. Introduction Colectomy is performed most commonly for adenocarcinomas and diverticulosis. Other indications include penetrating trauma, ulcerative and ischemic colitis, volvulus, and inflammatory bowel disease. 2. Preoperative assessment and patient…

D Colonoscopy 1. Introduction Colonoscopy is used to examine the colon and rectum to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and granulomatous colitis. Polyps can be removed through the colonoscope….

B Cholecystectomy 1. Introduction Surgery of the upper abdomen is used in the treatment of gallstones and other diseases of the gallbladder. Open cholecystectomy is performed in patients with adhesions, previous…

A Anal fistulotomy and fistulectomy 1. Introduction Most perianal fistulas arise as a result of infection within the anal glands located at the dentate line (cryptoglandular fistula). Fistulas may also arise…

F Valvular heart disease Aortic stenosis Disease of the aortic valve may present as aortic valvular stenosis, insufficiency, or a combination of both. Valvular heart disease is usually caused by…