Physiology of Blood and Hemostasis
Hemostasis and History The term hemostasis essentially means to stop bleeding and refers to the physiologic process that keeps blood within damaged blood vessels, the opposite of hemorrhage. Multiple mechanisms…
ANESTHESIA
Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Exogenous Pathway In the small intestine, bile emulsifies dietary fat and cholesterol, whereas lipase excreted by the pancreas hydrolyzes triglycerides. The intestinal endothelium takes up these products by endocytosis and…
Procoagulants
Heparin rebound can occur after initial reversal and is generally observed 2 to 3 hours after the first dose of protamine, when the patient is in the intensive care unit.24…
Vasodilators
Management of essential hypertension includes alteration in lifestyle and diet (smoking cessation, weight reduction, increased physical activity, salt restriction) and use of medications. Most commonly, a thiazide diuretic is the…
Physiology of the Newborn
Although adrenergic receptors are thought to be mature at birth, sympathetic innervation is incomplete. After birth, neurotransmitter concentrations increase progressively, reflecting the maturation of sympathetic innervation. When compared to the…
Peripherally Acting Analgesics
COX-1 is constitutively expressed and catalyzes the production of prostaglandins that are involved in numerous physiologic functions, including maintenance of normal renal function in the kidneys, mucosal protection in the…
Pain Physiology
A variety of receptors and ion channels have been identified on dorsal root ganglion neurons and on peripheral terminals of nociceptive afferent fibers. These receptors, including purinergic,5 metabotropic glutamatergic, tachykinin,6…
