Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Blocks
Anatomic Approach Midline • Depression between spinous processes of the vertebra above and below the level to be used is palpated; this is the needle entry site. • The needle…
ANESTHESIA
Local Anesthetics
Systemic Absorption of Injected Local Anesthetics 1. Depends on vascularity of site of injection: intravenous > tracheal > intercostal > paracervical > epidural > brachial plexus > sciatic > subcutaneous….
Nutrition in Perioperative and Critical Care
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> NUTRITION IN PERIOPERATIVE AND CRITICAL CARE Nutrition Basics • Appropriate nutritional support has been recognized in recent years to be of key importance…
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block An interscalene brachial plexus block is indicated for procedures involving the shoulder and upper arm. Roots C5 to C7 are most densely blocked, and the ulnar…
Anesthesia for Trauma and Emergency Surgery
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> ANESTHESIA FOR TRAUMA AND EMERGENCY SURGERY Initial Assessment of the Trauma Patient Airway Basic life support: Effective basic life support prevents hypoxia and…
Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> ANESTHESIA FOR ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY Bone Cement Bone cement, polymethylmethacrylate, is frequently required for joint arthroplasties. The cement interdigitates within the interstices of cancellous…
Anesthesia for Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> ANESTHESIA FOR OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC SURGERY Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery (Laryngoscopy, Microlaryngoscopy, Esophagoscopy, and Bronchoscopy) Preoperative evaluation should focus on airway management, particularly given that operative…
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> ANESTHESIA FOR OPHTHALMIC SURGERY Intraocular Pressure and Oculocardiac Reflex Intraocular pressure (IOP) is normally 12 to 20 mm Hg. The eye can be…
Anesthesia for Patients with Neuromuscular Disease
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> ANESTHESIA FOR PATIENTS WITH NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE Myasthenia Gravis Causes: Autoimmune destruction or inactivation of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to…
