Key Points ▪ The alveolar anesthetic concentration (F A ) or partial pressure (P alv ) is important because it is the driving force determining anesthetic uptake into blood and…

Key Points ▪ The neuromuscular junction contains the distal nerve terminal, Schwann cell, synaptic cleft, and muscle end plate, which together provide an array of receptors and substrates for drug…

Key Points ▪ A molecule in the plasma must pass in succession through the endothelial fenestration, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and epithelial slit diaphragm to cross the filtration barrier and…

Key Points ▪ Organ system maturation, from birth through adolescence, affects physiologic function and therefore anesthetic and surgical management and outcome. ▪ The understanding of congenital heart disease (CHD) and…

Key wordsAdvanced cardiac life support, Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Pediatric resuscitation, Post-resuscitation care   Key Points ▪ Cardiac arrest is a major public health issue worldwide. Despite significant advances in…

Key Points ▪ At birth the circulation undergoes a fundamental change as blood oxygenation occurs through the lungs rather than the placenta. This transition places some newborns at risk of…

Key Points ▪ The medical literature can be accessed in many ways, ranging from the primary literature as indexed in sources like PubMed, to sources catering to medical professionals, and…

Key Points ▪ Critical care of the nervous system is based on control of cerebral and spinal cord physiology and the prevention of secondary insults. This goal, in turn, depends…

Key Points ▪ Clinical research describes the characteristics and mechanisms of disease and injury in humans and investigates drugs, devices, diagnostic products, and bundles of care with the aim of…

Key Points ▪ Congenital heart disease causes significant alterations in oxygenation, perfusion, and myocardial function after birth, and it can be categorized into hypoxic and normoxic lesions. ▪ The overall…