Key Points ▪ The presence of a significant acid-base abnormality often signals a sinister underlying problem. ▪ All acid-base abnormalities result from alterations in the dissociation of water. ▪ Only…

Key Points ▪ Patient positioning is a major responsibility that requires the cooperation of the entire surgical team. ▪ Many patient positions that are used for surgery result in undesirable…

Key Points ▪ The history and physical examination most accurately predict the risks of anesthesia and the likelihood of required changes in monitoring or therapy. ▪ For diabetic patients, end-organ…

Key Points ▪ The anesthesia preoperative evaluation, which is the clinical foundation for guiding perioperative patient management, reduces perioperative morbidity and enhances patient outcome. ▪ The fundamental purpose of preoperative…

Key Points ▪ The introduction of thiopental into clinical practice in 1934 marked the beginning of modern intravenous (IV) anesthesia. Today, IV anesthetics are used for induction and maintenance of…

Key Points ▪ Excellent clinical performance is not achieved by the use of sound medical knowledge alone, as clinicians have to face multifaceted challenges not just medical issues. There is…

Key Points ▪ The brain has a high metabolic rate and receives approximately 12% to 15% of cardiac output. Under normal circumstances, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is approximately 50 mL/100…

Key Points ▪ Inhaled anesthetics affect every part of physiology of the lungs and their pulmonary pharmacology is complex. ▪ Volatile anesthetics produce bronchodilation through decreases in cytoplasmic ionized calcium…

Key Points ▪ Anesthesia consists of separable and independent components, each of which involves distinct, but possibly overlapping, mechanisms at different sites in the central nervous system. ▪ The potencies…

Key Points ▪ Removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is determined by alveolar ventilation, not by total (minute) ventilation. ▪ Dead space ventilation can be dramatically increased in patients…