Abstract The organs require a fairly constant mean arterial pressure (MAP) to ensure adequate perfusion. Some organs (most notably the brain, heart and kidneys), despite fluctuations in MAP, intrinsically maintain…
Abstract The cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle (LV) or right ventricle (RV) per minute. Chapter 29 Cardiac Output and Its Measurement Which…
Abstract The lymphatic system is part of the systemic circulation. Its two main components are the conducting system and lymphoid tissue. Chapter 39 Lymphatics Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic…
Abstract The arterial system is the high-pressure component of the systemic circulation. The arterial system divides from the aorta into large arteries, smaller arteries and finally arterioles before joining the…
Abstract The left ventricular pressure–volume loop provides a useful representation of left ventricular performance through the cardiac cycle (Figure 31.1; see also Chapter 28, Figure 28.1). Chapter 31 Cardiac Pressure–Volume…
Abstract The rate and character of the arterial pulse has been used for millennia for the diagnosis of a wide range of disorders. Perhaps more useful, however, is the direct…
Abstract The capillaries are tiny vessels (measuring 5–10 μm in diameter) arranged in an interweaving network called the capillary bed. Capillaries have two main roles. Chapter 36 Capillaries and Endothelium…
Abstract The central venous pressure (CVP) waveform is measured using a central venous catheter positioned just above the right atrium (RA), within the superior vena cava. Starting from mid-diastole, key…
Abstract Transport of deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the right side of the heart, which is the main role of the venous system. There are a few exceptions to…
Abstract The cardiovascular system distributes blood around the body. It is divided into the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The systemic circulation is a ‘pressure-constant, flow-variable’ system. Chapter 33…
