Show moreShow less Introduction Central neuraxial blocks (CNBs) collectively encompass the subarachnoid/spinal, epidural, caudal epidural, and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Before the advent of anesthesia, crude methods have been described in…
Show moreShow less Introduction Local anesthetics (LAs) form the subset of drugs that provide analgesia and anesthesia by reversible conduction blockade of autonomic, sensory, and motor nerve impulses. The earliest…
Show moreShow less Introduction Discovery and use of muscle relaxants in anesthesia practice dates back to 1942, when Griffith and Johnson used d-tubocurarine to provide muscle relaxation during surgery. Since…
Show moreShow less Introduction Intravenous (IV) anesthetic agents are the most common drugs used in day-to-day anesthesia practice. It encompasses agents like sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, opioids, and muscle relaxants. The combination…
Show moreShow less Introduction Any chemical agent with general anesthetic properties and the ability to be delivered via inhalation is labeled as an “inhalational anesthetic agent.” Characteristics of an ideal…
Show moreShow less Introduction General anesthesia is a drug-induced, reversible condition, including specific behavioral and physiological components, with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory system. It can…
Show moreShow less Introduction Monitoring in anesthesia had been in place long before the introduction of clinical anesthesia. The importance of respiratory pattern was known since antiquity. Work by William…
Show moreShow less Historical Background Blood transfusion, often a life-saving strategy, historically dates back to the Egyptian and Roman era. Egyptians took a blood bath as a recuperative measure, while…
Show moreShow less Introduction (AS3.1) Anesthetizing a patient without a preoperative check is like traveling in an airplane without a pilot. Preoperative assessment is the cornerstone of perioperative care by…
Show moreShow less Introduction Fluid therapy is an integral component of perioperative care by anesthesia providers. Administration of fluid helps to prevent dehydration, maintains effective circulatory volume, and ensures adequate…
