Liver Disease and Gallbladder
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Jaundice within the first 24 hours of life is NEVER normal. Urinary tract infections and sepsis can be associated with the onset of hyperbilirubinemia after…
Thyroid Disorders
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen The most common disorder causing thyrotoxicosis in children is Graves’ disease. Thyroid hormones upregulate β-adrenergic receptors, causing symptoms of sympathetic nervous system overactivity. Signs of…
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen 12% to 30% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cases are diagnosed during childhood. Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), particularly growth delay, may be the predominant presenting feature…
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) that are more likely to present in the emergency department (ED) can be classified into a number of categories: Select…
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a complex endocrine condition caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, dehydration, ketosis, and…
Gastroesophageal Reflux
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs in more than two-thirds of normal infants in the first year of life. Severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may result in…
Kawasaki Disease
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen The principal pathologic feature of Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis that affects the microvessels (arterioles, venules, and capillaries) anywhere in the body. Since…
Travel-Related Infections
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen The most common cause of fever in the child returned from international travel is the nonspecific viral illness. It is imperative to consider treatable causes…
Pancreatitis
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen The most common etiologies of pancreatitis are trauma, systemic disease, structural anomalies of the pancreatic–biliary system, drugs, infections, and idiopathic causes. The most common symptoms…
Vomiting, Diarrhea, and Gastroenteritis
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Vomiting and diarrhea due to acute infectious gastroenteritis remains one of the most common etiologies of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in impoverished countries. Bilious…
