Abstract Novel tools in neuroscience (genetic, optical, pharmacological) are being used to advance our understanding of the complexity and functioning of the brain, the primary target of general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists…
Chapter Outline Historical Perspective Structure and Mechanism of Adrenergic Receptors Endogenous Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Metabolism of Catecholamines Synthetic Catecholamine-Like Drugs D1-Receptor Agonists α 1 -Receptor Agonists Phenylephrine Methoxamine Midodrine…
Abstract Inhaled anesthetics, beginning with diethyl ether, were first introduced into clinical practice in the 1840s. Since then a wide variety of inhaled agents, including ethers, alkanes, nitrous oxide, cyclopropane,…
Abstract Core body temperature is highly regulated in humans by the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus. General anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia, and drugs such as opioids all reduce…
Abstract Inhaled anesthetics as single agents provide all of the essential features of general anesthesia, including amnesia, unconsciousness, and immobility. Each of these components results from agent-specific actions on distinct…
Abstract This chapter presents a concise description of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with a focus on clinical elements related to anesthesiology. Beginning with a review of the anatomic divisions…
Abstract Recent advances in molecular pharmacology and neuroscience have led to a greater understanding of how anesthetic chemicals can alter the function of the nervous system. Anesthesia through intravenous agents…
Abstract In the 16th century, Paracelsus recognised that any medicinal substance has the potential to do harm, defining the dose as the determinant of whether the substance is a remedy…
Abstract Modern balanced anesthesia consists of the use of a number of drugs to achieve the desired clinical endpoints, such as no awareness, no movement, muscle relaxation, control of blood…
Abstract Anesthesiologists are frequently asked to care for patients at the extremes of age and size. These patient groups have unique features that require special consideration when formulating an anesthetic…
