FIGURE 16.1 Nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Tubuloglomerular feedback: Situations associated with an increased delivery of sodium chloride to the macula densa result in vasoconstrictive response of the…
More recent studies have yielded varying results (150,151), certainly not confirmatory of a pronounced “predestined” decline in oxygenation with age, and questioning the hypothesis that progressive disruption of the matching…
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The systemic manifestations of anaphylaxis represent sequelae that result from the release of inflammatory mediators by mast cells and basophils, leading to a cascade of mediators, including tryptase, histamine,…
FIGURE 119.1 The rostrocaudal progression of ischemia contemporarily known as coning. In concert with the previously described prebrain death physiology associated with severe brain injury, the process of brain death…
FIGURE 155.1 National Incident Management System: policy level and operations level. The Planning Section is responsible for the following. Collection, evaluation, dissemination, and use of information about the development of…
Treatment The only effective long-term means of reversing malignancy-associated hypercalcemia is reduction in tumor burden (Table 147.2). Antihypercalcemic therapy is a temporizing measure that does not affect survival (5). The…
The indications for diagnostic thoracentesis are not different in the ICU patient, and receiving mechanical ventilation is not a contraindication. Establishing the diagnosis quickly in critically ill patients may be…
FIGURE 101.1 Schematic diagram of the relation between changes in lung volume and pulmonary vascular resistance, where the extra-alveolar and alveolar vascular components are separated. Note that pulmonary vascular resistance…
FIGURE 18.1 A historic paradigm was created to depict immune activation after injury or sepsis. It was thought that initial innate inflammatory response was followed by a compensatory anti-inflammatory adaptive…
