Fig. 35.1 Three-dimensional reconstruction of human nerve root of cauda equina at lumbar spine level. Patient in supine position (a), lateral position (b) and prone position (c). Anterior view Fig….
Fig. 14.1 Typical histologic appearance of a rat peripheral nerve. (a) Connective tissue of the epineurium is unbalanced in terms of collagen richness, with partly altered tinctorial properties and areal-located…
Fig. 32.1 Posterior ligaments of interest in lumbar spinal blockade. Different ligaments may be traversed to reach the spinal canal: (a) The supraspinal ligament (ssl), a slender structure that extends…
Figure 13.1 Vertebral anatomy (Reproduced with permission from Mathias [5]) The spinal cord is contained within the spinal canal and covered by three layers called the meninges . The pia…
The HPA axis is one of the major organ systems regulating sodium balance and serum osmolality. Serum osmolality is sensed by osmoreceptors in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis…
where Hb = hemoglobin concentration, SaO2 = % hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, and PaO2 = partial pressure of dissolved oxygen. Global oxygen delivery (DO2) to the body depends on this arterial oxygen content (CaO2) as well…
Standard 1: qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care Standard 2: during all anesthetics, the…
Source Branch #1 Branch #2 Supply Left main Circumflex Obtuse marginal branches Left ventricle lateral & posterior walls Left anterior descending (LAD) Septal branches Majority of interventricular septum Diagonal branches…
Figure 9.1 The glottis and epiglottis (Reproduced with permission from Finucane and Santora [7]) In order to predict difficult mask ventilation or difficult endotracheal intubation, each patient receiving anesthetic care…
Total blood volume Increases Serum cholinesterase activity Decreases Cardiac output and stroke volume Increases Minute ventilation Increases Functional residual capacity Decreases Oxygen consumption Increases PaCO2 Decreases Systemic vascular resistance Decreases…
