Urolithiasis
C Urolithiasis Definition Urolithiasis, or “kidney stones,” refers to the presence of calculi, typically composed of calcium oxalate, in the urinary system. These calculi result from hypercalcemia or hyperoxaluria. Other…
Chronic renal failure
Minimal changes in renal hemodynamics Presence of peripheral neuropathyTendency for bleedingPatient anxietyProlonged proceduresHypotension with sympathetic block; may cause reluctance to expand volume Inhalation anesthetics Good airway controlBlood pressure controlDuration not…
renal disease
Primary renal disease Failure classified according to urine flow rates is known as oliguric, nonoliguric, or polyuric failure. Oliguria is defined as a urinary flow rate less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr…
Rheumatoid arthritis
I Rheumatoid arthritis Definition Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory polyarthropathy with myriad degrees of systemic involvement. The disease is multifactorial, and the clinical picture varies widely in severity,…
Acute renal failure
A Acute renal failure Definition Acute renal failure (acute tubular necrosis, vasomotor neuropathy, lower nephron necrosis) is defined as the sudden inability of the kidneys to vary urine volume and…
Pectus deformities
H Pectus deformities Pectus excavatum Definition Pectus excavatum, also referred to as funnel chest, is the most common chest wall deformity, occurring in one in 400 children. Pathophysiology Pectus excavatum…
Myotonic dystrophy
G Myotonic dystrophy Definition The myotonias are a group of hereditary degenerative muscle diseases that include myotonic dystrophy, myotonia congenita (Thomsen disease), and paramyotonia congenita. A symptom common to all…
Myasthenia gravis
F Myasthenia gravis Definition Myasthenia gravis, a chronic disease of the neuromuscular junction, is manifested by increasing skeletal muscle weakness, fatigability on effort, and at least partial restoration of function…
Muscular dystrophy
E Muscular dystrophy Definition Muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous set of diseases that includes fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and others. DMD, also…
Malignant hyperthermia
D Malignant hyperthermia Definition and incidence Malignant hyperthermia is an uncommon, life-threatening hypermetabolic disorder of skeletal muscle triggered in susceptible individuals by potent inhalation agents, including sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and…
