E Hysterectomy: Vaginal or total abdominal 1. Introduction Hysterectomy is commonly performed to treat uncontrolled uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, uterine myoma, gynecologic cancer, adhesions, endometriosis, and pelvic relaxation syndrome. Frequently, laparoscopy is…
D Gynecologic laparoscopy 1. Introduction Laparoscopy is a common endoscopic technique in gynecologic procedures. It is frequently used to diagnose or treat pelvic conditions that may include sterilization, adhesions, pain, endometriosis,…
B Cesarean section 1. Introduction A cesarean section (C-section) is the surgical removal of a fetus through an abdominal and uterine incision. A low transverse incision is the most common; in…
C Dilatation and curettage 1. Introduction Dilatation and curettage (D & C) involves dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrial lining of the uterus. The procedure is done to…
A Assisted reproductive technologies 1. Introduction a) Procedure overview Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) refers to all techniques used to retrieve and fertilize human oocytes. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common…
D Thoracic and lumbar spinal instrumentation and fusion 1. Introduction Anterolateral, posterior, or combined anteroposterior approaches can be used to treat pathologic processes of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Spinal instrumentation…
B Lumbar laminectomy or fusion 1. Introduction Lumbar laminectomy is most commonly performed for symptomatic nerve root or spinal cord compression. Compression may occur from protrusion of an intervertebral disk or…
C Spinal cord injuries 1. Introduction Spinal cord transection is the description of spinal cord injury that is manifested as paralysis of the lower extremities (paraplegia) or of all extremities (quadriplegia)….
A Anterior cervical diskectomy or fusion 1. Introduction Anterior cervical diskectomy or fusion is most commonly performed for symptomatic nerve root or cord compression. Compression may occur from protrusion of an…
L Ventriculoperitoneal shunt 1. Introduction A ventriculoperitoneal shunt is placed to relieve increased CSF pressure. The hydrocephalus may be caused by a congenital defect, cyst, tumor, trauma, infection, or CBF absorption…
