Cardiac physiology
Figure 14.1 Cardiac muscle structure A further difference from skeletal muscle lies in the electrical conductive characteristics of the cardiac muscle fibres, which offer a low resistance to the propagation…
Anaesthetic equipment
Figure 46.1 Vacuum-insulated evaporator Nitrous oxide supply Nitrous oxide is supplied from a central bank of gas cylinders, which contain a mixture of liquid and gas (critical temperature of nitrous…
Clinical measurement
Figure 45.1 The measurement system as a ‘black box’ The measurement system in turn consists of component ‘black boxes’ representing: A transducer – a detecting element which converts the quantity…
Renal physiology
Figure 16.1 (a) Anatomy and (b) vasculature of the kidney Blood supply of the kidneys The kidneys receive 20% of cardiac output via the renal arteries. The renal artery to…
Pharmacodynamics
which is graphically demonstrated in Figures 26.4, 26.5 and 26.6. In this chapter the steps in the derivation of this and other equations are shown in boxes. In this chapter…
Physiology of the circulation
Figure 15.1 Adult circulation system Structure and function Blood vessel walls are basically structured in three layers. The adventitia is the outer layer and is made up of connective tissue…
Physiology of the nervous system
Figure 18.2 A typical neurone Figure 18.3 Classification of mammalian neurones Fibre type Function Fibre diameter (mm) Conduction speed (ms–1) Aα Proprioception, somatic motor 12–20 70–120 Aβ Touch, pressure 2–12…
Pharmacokinetics
Figure 27.1 Overview of pharmacokinetic processes Drug administration Drugs are administered by many different routes. The aim of drug administration is to achieve therapeutic levels of the drug at its…
Cellular physiology
↑ glycogen synthesis↑ protein synthesis↑ triacylglycerol synthesis↑ fatty acid synthesis↓ glycogenolysis↓ ketone formation↓ breakdown of triglyceridesGlucagonAlpha cells in the islets of Langerhans↑ glycogenolysis↑ ketone formation↑ gluconeogenesisAdrenalineAdrenal medulla↑ glycogenolysis↑ gluconeogenesis↑ lipolysisCortisolAdrenal…
Physiology of pain
Figure 19.1 The nociceptive pathway Dimensions of the pain experience Pain has a protective function and may or may not be associated with tissue damage. Pain should not be equated…
