html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 38 Cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation Basic science Cleaning is the physical removal of contaminants from an object by mechanical or manual action such as washing….
The typical Wheatstone bridge arrangement as shown above contains a power source, a galvanometer (G), two resistors of known resistance (R1, R2), a variable resistor (R4) and an unknown resistance,…
Photo-acoustic spectrometry has a higher accuracy, better reliability and does not need as frequent calibration compared to infrared absorption spectrometry. What are the common causes of error with infrared analysers?…
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 29 Light and optical fibres Basic science Light is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It has wavelengths…
Three-phase power leaves the power station via three wires (one for each phase of AC) to enter a step-up substation. Here, transformers convert the power station output to a very…
Applied science How are the EEG and EMG used in anaesthesia? Performing a complete EEG with 20–22 electrodes in the intraoperative environment is not practical and the raw EEG is…
Damping results in oscillations of reducing amplitude due to the loss of energy to the surroundings. It is measured as the damping coefficient, which refers to the amount of damping…
where P is absolute pressure (Pa), V is volume (m3), n is amount of substance (mol), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J·K−1·mol−1), and T is temperature (K). Boyle’s…
where Q is flow, ΔP is pressure gradient, r is radius, η is fluid viscosity and l is length. From this equation, it can be seen that flow is directly…
