Neoplastic disease• Most common presentation is metastatic lesion(lung/prostate/breast > renal/gastrointestinal/lymphoma) Mechanical/structural abnormalities• Traumatic/bony injury• Osteoporosis/pathological fracture• Degenerative joint disease• Postsurgical complication Infectious causes• Extradural spinal abscess (IVDU, HIV, tuberculosis, immunosuppression)•…
Metabolic Primary central nervous system Toxidromes/toxins • Hypoxia• Hypoglycemia• Hyponatremia• Hypocalcemia• Hypomagnesemia• Inborn errors of metabolism • Trauma• Infections• Cerebral vascular accident• Hemorrhage• Vasculitis• Seizure disorder with other medical condition•…
Type Location Subarachnoid hemorrhage Bleeding into the potential space between the arachnoid and pia mater Subdural hematoma Bleeding into the potential space between dura and arachnoid membrane Epidural hematoma Bleeding…
Classic The hallmark presentation is pain that is out of proportion to injury or findings. Patients will describe the pain as “deep”, “burning,” and “unrelenting” with difficulty in localization. Pain…
Zones Landmarks Structures/considerations I Defined inferiorly by clavicles and superiorly by the cricoid cartilage In addition to neck structures (e.g., trachea, esophagus, neck vessels), consider injuries to thoracic structures, i.e.,…
Grade Hematoma Laceration I Subcapsular, <10% surface area Capsular tear, <1 cm parenchymal depth II Subcapsular, 10–50% surface area; intraparenchymal <5 cm in diameter Capsular tear, 1–3 cm parenchymal depth…
Mechanism Injury Flexion Teardrop fracture Atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) Odontoid fracture, Type III Chance fracture Extension Hangman’s fracture (C2) Vertical compression, axial load Jefferson fracture (C1) Burst fracture Primary spinal cord…
Figure 1.1 The evolution of ultrasound. When ultrasound was introduced, it was (a) a large apparatus that required (b) the immersion of a patient into a waterbath. (c) and (d)…
Expected gestational age at appearance (wks) β-hCG level (mIU/mL) Transabdominal Endovaginal IUP Gestational sac 5.5–6 4.5–5 >2,000 Yolk sac 6–6.5 5–5.5 7,000 Fetal pole 7 5.5–6 11,000 Cardiac activity 7…
