Fig. 35.1 Stimulus-triggered EMG for the detection of pedicle wall breach. Electrical stimulation of hole (a) with low current activates the adjacent nerve root, evoking a CMAP response, representing a…
Fig. 41.1 This EEG recording represents left (channel 1) and right (channel 2) frontotemporal trends of density spectral array (DSA) frequency and total power amplitude trends. Recording began following anesthesia…
Fig. 28.1 Anatomy of the posterior craniocervical junction in Chiari malformation (a). Sagittal noncontrast T1-weighted MR image in a patient with Chiari I malformation demonstrating herniation of the cerebellar tonsils…
Fig. 27.1 ABR responses with changes due to retractor effect Differential Diagnosis of ABR Findings Several nonphysiological processes may contribute to changes in ABRs during IOM [14]. Inherent to any…
Criteria SIADH CSW DI Serum sodium mmol/L <135 <135 >145 Serum osmolarity mOsm/kg <285 <285 >290 Urine osmolarity mOsm/kg >200 >200 >200 Urine sodium mmol/L >25 >25 – Fluid balance…
Fig. 18.1 Flexile screen placed at the head of the table serves to protect the face, enable communication with the patient, and to monitor the airway The anesthesiologist will need…
Fig. 22.1 Angiogram of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) Treatment options for AVMs include expectant monitoring versus complete obliteration using microneurosurgery, endovascular techniques, or radiosurgery. Embolization can be employed presurgically or…
Fig. 23.1 MEP monitoring during surgery for supratentorial tumor surgery with MEP changes Possible Causes of the MEP Change and the Role of the Surgical Interventions First, inadvertent bolus injections of anesthetics or…
Fig. 5.1 Single-unit recordings under two different anesthetics . Each tracing shows 1 s of data. Tracings recorded from the same patient during a bilateral DBS STN procedure (a and…
Fig. 13.1 The drawing at the left depicts the transtemporal insonation of the M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) at a depth (i.e., distance) of 55 mm…
