Fig. 16.1 Simplified recording circuit showing tissue voltage source V tissue, two impedances representing electrodes Z electrode1 and Z electrode2, and the input impedance of the amplifier Z amp Definition…
Fig. 6.1 Recording methods of spinal cord potentials (SCPs). A catheter electrode is inserted into the dorsal epidural space using the same technique as that for the continuous epidural block…
Fig. 10.1 Micrograph of cortical neuropil stained for neurons . The cell bodies of pyramidal neurons project apical dendrites upward and parallel with adjacent pyramidal cells Fig. 10.2 Current flow…
CBF Cerebral blood flow CMRO2 Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen O2ER Oxygen extraction ratio = (O2 consumption/O2 delivery) = AVDO2 × CBF/CaO2 × CBF = AVDO2/CaO2 = SaO2 − SjvO2/SaO2…
Fig. 38.1 Degrees of nerve injury that leave the nerve in continuity . The mildest injury is neurapraxic, which represents a loss of electrical function with little, if any, anatomic…
Fig. 20.1 (a–g) A basic algorithm for the anesthesiologist and other members of the monitoring team to use in evaluating the possible contributions to response deteriorations The anesthesiologist is in…
Fig. 8.1 Spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) components. The point of control is the level of excitability of segmental interneurons, which is determined by the integrated activity of the…
Modality Age affected Factors Manifestation Adaptive strategy MN, UN SSEPs Birth—2 years Central myelination Broad, low-amplitude delayed cortical potentials Decrease stimulus rate; increase pulse length PTN SSEPs Birth—4–6 years Dorsal…
Fig. 36.1 Magnetic resonance images of an extensive intramedullary tumor in lower thoracic spinal cord with complete obstruction of the spinal canal (a), significant enhancement (b), and dark T2-signal indicating…
Clinical feature Patients, n (%) Muscular weakness 46 (78) Back pain 43 (73) Bladder dysfunction 42 (71) Altered sensation 40 (68) Leg pain or sciatica 33 (56) Cutaneous stigmata 15…
