Anesthesia Key

Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valves: Introduction Print Section Listen A detailed transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) examination of the right-sided heart valves can provide accurate diagnosis of valvular diseases; define anatomic, functional, and…

Pericardial Diseases: Introduction Print Section Listen Pericardial diseases constitute pathologic processes that involve the pericardium, the pericardial sac and its contents, and the thoracic structures surrounding the heart. Cardiovascular perturbations…

Guidelines and Clinical Indications for a Comprehensive Transesophageal Examination Print Section Listen Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) training and certification have become standardized with the use of recognized nomenclature and tomographic views….

Anatomic Variants and Ultrasound Artifacts: Introduction Print Section Listen Anatomic variants are variations in normal anatomy that can be misinterpreted as pathological conditions. Many anatomic variants are remnant structures from…

Understanding Ultrasound System Controls: Introduction Print Section Listen It is crucial for clinicians performing transesophageal (TEE) examinations to understand how the controls on an ultrasound machine alter the display. Without…

Principles of Doppler Echocardiography Print Section Listen Christian Doppler, in his 1842 paper titled, “On the Coloured Light of the Binary Stars and Some Other Stars of the Heavens,” was…

Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function: Introduction Print Section Listen The assessment of ventricular systolic performance is one of the most important roles of perioperative echocardiography. Ventricular function is a…

Basics of Ultrasound Print Section Listen Nature and Properties of Ultrasound Waves Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 KHz. Frequencies higher than this range…