Figure 16.1 Frank–Starling relationship between ventricular preload and ventricular stroke volume. The first portion of this relationship is called the steep portion and the second portion is called the plateau….
Alteration in cardiac preload and afterload conditionsNegative inotropic effectDepressed autonomic nervous system activity2.Effects on the O2 extraction responseVasodilationDepressed sympathetic nervous system activity3.Effects on gas exchangeDecreased functional residual capacity4.Effects on tissue…
For bedside purposes, it is sufficient to remember that this daunting equation may be functionally represented as [H+] = f (pCO2, [SID], ATOT). This implies that [H+] (and also [HCO3−])…
Left ventricular failureRight ventricular failureShock especially in the context of right ventricular failureDifferentiating between different types of shock (for example cardiogenic, septic, hypovolemic, obstructive)Pulmonary edemaDifferentiating between cardiogenic edema and non-cardiogenic…
Figure 11.1 Electron microscopy of endothelial cells in the glomerular capillaries using ThO2 staining. The glycocalyx covers the endothelial cell surface in regularly distributed focal structures. The glycocalyx “bridges” the…
Figure 6.1 The four-column model of patient blood management (PBM) intended to avoid or minimize allogeneic transfusion in elective surgery, in order to improve the surgical patient’s postoperative outcome. Management…
Figure 18.1 Algorithm for intraoperative goal-directed fluid administration. FTc – descending aortic corrected flow time; SV – stroke volume. From Ref. [24], with permission. Despite this, in more recent studies…
where Lp represents hydraulic permeability (fluid conductivity), S is the surface area available for fluid exchange, reflecting the number of perfused capillaries, ΔP is the net transcapillary hydrostatic force for…
Figure 12.1 The convective and diffusive determinants of oxygen transport from the microcirculation to the tissue cell. The convective flow is defined by the product of the oxygen-carrying saturation (Hbsat,…
