The Lower Extremity: Somatic Blockade
The Lower Extremity: Somatic Blockade F. Kayser Enneking Denise J. Wedel Terese T. Horlocker Lower extremity peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) have traditionally been less popular and less utilized compared to…
The Upper Extremity: Somatic Block
The Upper Extremity: Somatic Block Joseph M. Neal Upper extremity regional anesthesia is the most common form of peripheral nerve block performed by anesthesiologists, even when intravenous (IV) regional anesthesia…
Neurologic Complications of Neuraxial Block
Neurologic Complications of Neuraxial Block Terese T. Horlocker Denise J. Wedel Perioperative nerve injuries have long been recognized as a complication of spinal and epidural anesthesia. Neurologic complications associated with…
Epidural Neural Blockade
Epidural Neural Blockade Bernadette T. Veering Michael J. Cousins Although techniques of epidural anesthesia do not offer the economy of drug dosage or degrees of blockade of spinal anesthesia, they…
Anatomy of the Neuraxis
Anatomy of the Neuraxis Quinn H. Hogan Anatomy, the oldest of medical sciences, holds a central position in regional anesthesia because of the obvious necessity of correctly delivering the therapeutic…
Spinal (Subarachnoid) Blockade
Spinal (Subarachnoid) Blockade Mikko Pitkänen History Spinal anesthesia creates an intense sensory and motor block that can effectively be achieved with a small amount of local anesthetic. In the late…
Perioperative Management of Patients and Equipment Selection for Neural Blockade
Perioperative Management of Patients and Equipment Selection for Neural Blockade James C. Crews Vincent W. S. Chan The essential elements for optimal perioperative management of patients for neural blockade include…
Neural Blockade: Impact on Outcome
Neural Blockade: Impact on Outcome Christopher L. Wu Spencer S. Liu The importance of effective management of acute pain is clear from multiple studies documenting the undertreatment of pain and…
Modification of Metabolic Responses to Surgery by Neural Blockade
Modification of Metabolic Responses to Surgery by Neural Blockade Francesco Carli Thomas Schricker Catabolic Changes Induced by Surgical Stress The endocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory response to surgery make up the…
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity Graeme A. McLeod John F. Butterworth IV J. A. W. Wildsmith Systemic toxicity is the term used to describe the clinical symptoms associated with extreme plasma…
