Fig. 12.1 Modified comparative composition of pain distribution in the cervical region provoked by injections of hypertonic saline in to the interspinous ligaments (a) Feinstein et al. [2]. Synovial joints:…
Fig. 10.1 Pain threshold changes in response to acupuncture at LI4 point located at the thenar eminence. Eight representative skin points were identified for the measurement of pain threshold by…
Symptom/side effect Associated with opioids Associated with pain Management/monitoring approach Depression X X Consider treating depression as first step and observe effect on pain Anxiety X X Consider treating anxiety…
Fig. 20.1 The pain medicine and primary care community rehabilitation model (PMPCCR) Informed community primary care physicians contribute their expertise in longitudinal, comprehensive management combined with their more intimate knowledge…
Fig. 9.1 Pain processing While there is a common misperception that hypnosis primarily involves relinquishing control and constitutes mindless submission to suggestion, hypnosis is actually a normally occurring state of…
Fig. 3.1 KW test for strength and flexibility of key postural muscles; failure—inability to perform any of the tasks (Courtesy of the Norman Marcus Pain Institute) In the absence of…
Physical neuromatrix, including peripheral and central nervous systems plus fascial network: • Emotional • Cognitive • Memory • Mind Physical Laser Beams We live with and through a dynamically fluctuating nervous system, one which…
Fig. 2.1 Mechanisms contributing to peripheral sensitization At the cord level, many interactions can lead to sensitization, both in terms of functional and structural changes [21]. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)…
Inadequate clinical and continuing education on the assessment and management of pain Insufficient understanding of the adverse clinical and psychological impact of undertreated pain on patients and their families, and…
Fig. 24.1 Descending ladder of physician action in end-of-life care Before addressing the different categories of physician action using medical ethics or personal conscience, it is first advisable to understand…
