Fig. 13.1 Physiological functions of a2 adrenoceptor subtypes derived from gene-targeted mouse models. Endogenous catecholamines stimulate a2 adrenoceptors to mediate essential physiological functions (upper panels): The a-2B adrenoceptor subtype is…
Fig. 20.1 A schematic representation of the brain . The cortical area or cortex (shown in deep blue) is where conscious processes are integrated, and the subcortical areas (shown in…
Fig. 35.1 Generic closed-loop scheme The most ubiquitous controller is the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller [11]. This controller calculates the difference between the measured output and the setpoint to adjust input…
1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000 GA case numbers 4492 4933 4916 4843 Number of TIVA cases 2587 3063 3022 3232 TIVA (%) 58 62 61 67 Mean time/case (h) 0.47…
Drug Neurotoxicity /Altered plasticity Reference Propofol Yes [26, 30, 31, 44, 86, 87] Midazolam Yes [26, 29] Pentobarbital Yes [44] Chloral hydrate Yes [32, 74] Ketamine Yes [19, 20, 26,…
Fig. 27.1 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943) Furthermore, both the growing concern on potential long-term neurological adverse effects of prolonged sedation as well as the modern trend to minimize (or…
Fig. 30.1 Time course of percent change in mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, and absolute bispectral index values. MAP mean arterial pressure, CI cardiac index,…
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017Anthony R. Absalom and Keira P. Mason (eds.)Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target Controlled Infusions10.1007/978-3-319-47609-4_28 28. TCI and TIVA for Neurosurgery: Considerations and Techniques Massimo Lamperti1 and Fazil Ashiq1 (1) Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland…
Fig. 14.1 Chemical structures of phencyclidine and (S)-ketamine Ketamine is increasingly administered as a pure analgesic [7, 8], for induction of rapid sequence intubation performed outside the operating room [9],…
