Anesthesia Key

Figure 40.1 Levels of 2,3-DPG versus hemoglobin (Hgb) over time. Etiology of postoperative anemia The incidence of preoperative anemia ranges from 11% to 76% depending upon the patient population studied,[2]…

Figure 35.1 Initial evaluation of postoperative oliguria. Figure 35.2 Postoperative oliguria diagnosis and management. CVP, central venous pressure; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PPV, pulse pressure variation; US, ultrasound; MAP, mear…

Figure 25.1 Mimickers of postoperative seizure. Myoclonus is common in surgical patients and in extreme form can appear like convulsions. Perioperative medications, such as metoclopramide, can trigger extrapyramidal symptoms and…

Figure 19.1 Apfel criteria for PONV risk. Adapted from ref. [3]. Table 19.1 PONV risk factors Risk factors for PONV in adults Positive evidence Female sex History of PONV or…

Figure 16.1 Hypoglycemia differential diagnosis algorithm. Many non-anesthetic pharmaceuticals have the potential to cause hypoglycemia in susceptible individuals; many more have drug–drug interactions that may potentiate the action of oral…

↑direct bilirubin = intra-hepatic or post-hepatic↔direct bilirubin = pre-hepatic causeAlanine transaminase (ALT)Aspartate transaminase (AST)Blood↑ALT & ↑AST = hepatocellular damage↑ALT<↑↑AST = ethanol↑↑↑ALT>↑↑AST = viral, shock liverAlkaline phosphatase (ALP)Blood↑↑ALP = cholestasisNon-specific, also…

Figure 28.1 Differential diagnosis of delayed emergence for the intubated patient. TOF, train-of-four; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; EEG, electroencephalogram. Figure 28.2 Differential diagnosis of delayed emergence for the extubated patient. BiPAP,…

Figure 20.1 The clinical relationship between pain and pruritus. Pruritus is mediated via dermal itch receptors, and knowledge of these receptors is rapidly evolving. Until recently believed to be a…