INTRAOPERATIVE PROBLEMS
• Consider bronchoscopy • Consider bag ventilation • Treat underlying problem BRONCHOSPASM Causes • Preexisting reactive airway disease (asthma) • Manipulation of upper airway (oral endoscopy) • ETT with inadequate…
AUTONOMIC, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
ADRENERGIC AGONISTS General comments: Act on α, β, or dopaminergic receptors (see the table below). May cause tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and tissue necrosis with extravasation (administer centrally, treat…
ANESTHETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS • Ionization best correlates with onset of action. LAs exist in free equilibrium in both charged (ionized) and neutral (non-ionized) forms: • The ionized form binds to the receptor…
BLOCKING DRUGS
• Clinical Considerations • Indications: Bolus dosing used for rapid sequence induction when aspiration is a risk (i.e., full stomach, trauma, diabetes mellitus, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy); infusion useful in…
ANESTHETICS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES • Lipophilic drugs produce rapid induction of general anesthesia • Most IV anesthetics exert effect through activation or augmentation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors (↑ chloride influx → hyperpolarization…
