D Thoracic and lumbar spinal instrumentation and fusion 1. Introduction Anterolateral, posterior, or combined anteroposterior approaches can be used to treat pathologic processes of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Spinal instrumentation…
B Lumbar laminectomy or fusion 1. Introduction Lumbar laminectomy is most commonly performed for symptomatic nerve root or spinal cord compression. Compression may occur from protrusion of an intervertebral disk or…
C Spinal cord injuries 1. Introduction Spinal cord transection is the description of spinal cord injury that is manifested as paralysis of the lower extremities (paraplegia) or of all extremities (quadriplegia)….
A Anterior cervical diskectomy or fusion 1. Introduction Anterior cervical diskectomy or fusion is most commonly performed for symptomatic nerve root or cord compression. Compression may occur from protrusion of an…
L Ventriculoperitoneal shunt 1. Introduction A ventriculoperitoneal shunt is placed to relieve increased CSF pressure. The hydrocephalus may be caused by a congenital defect, cyst, tumor, trauma, infection, or CBF absorption…
J Transsphenoidal tumor resections 1. Introduction Approximately 10% of intracranial neoplasms are found in the pituitary gland and are diagnosed because of their mass effects or the hypersecretion of pituitary hormones….
Most sensitive noninvasive monitorEarliest detector (before air enters pulmonary circulation) NonquantitativeMay be difficult to place in obese patients, patients with chest wall deformity, or patients in the prone or lateral…
I Stereotactic surgery 1. Introduction Stereotactic surgery is a neurosurgical technique that makes detailed use of the relationship between the three-dimensional space occupied by intracranial structures or lesions and an extracranial…
H Posterior fossa procedures 1. Introduction Neuropathology within the posterior fossa may impair control of the airway, respiratory function, cardiovascular function, autonomic function, and consciousness. The major motor and sensory pathways,…
G Epilepsy surgery 1. Introduction Surgery is recommended for patients with epilepsy when seizure control is intractable to conventional medical treatment. The goal of epilepsy surgery is to remove a focal…
