G Pediatric regional anesthesia 1. Introduction a) Regional anesthesia provides perioperative analgesia (minimizing the risk of respiratory depression), modifies the metabolic responses to anesthesia and surgery, and improves patient outcome.
IM, Intramuscular; IV, intravenous; PO, oral; PR, rectal. 7. Monitoring a) Patient blood pressure and heart rate are monitored for the assessment of the cardiovascular system. b) Pulse oximetry and capnography are used…
H Upper extremity arthroplasty 1. Introduction Arthroplasty in the upper extremity makes up a low percentage of the number of joint arthroplasties performed each year. Of the two more commonly replaced…
G Pelvic reconstruction 1. Introduction Pelvic reconstruction is a surgical procedure that involves open reduction of pelvic fractures, which are then maintained by the application of plates and screws. Bone grafting…
?, could happen. AMPK, Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; D2, dopamine-2; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;…
F Knee (total knee replacement) arthroplasty 1. Introduction Total knee arthroplasty is the other frequently performed joint replacement procedure. A pneumatic tourniquet is typically used to provide a relatively bloodless surgical…
E Hip pinning (open reduction and internal fixation) 1. Introduction Hip pinning involves the open reduction of a hip fracture that is maintained by the application of plates and screws (internal…
D Hip arthroplasty 1. Introduction The replacement of joint surfaces is required primarily for inflammatory or degenerative conditions within the joint, such as those accompanying rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis from degeneration…
C Forearm and hand surgery 1. Introduction Surgical procedures on the hand or forearm may be precipitated by violent trauma resulting in complex or dislocated fractures to the bones of the…
