Introduction More than 40 years ago during the Vietnam War, ketamine, a nonbarbiturate phencyclidine derivative, was considered an ideal “battlefield anesthetic” because it does not alter hemodynamics and has sedative,…
Introduction No anesthetic agent has been administered more often than nitrous oxide. Since its first demonstration in 1845, nitrous oxide has been administered to billions of patients for general anesthesia,…
Acute Kidney Injury Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome that reflects the clinical manifestation of isolated or multiple insults to the kidney. The degree of renal damage ranges…
Introduction Perioperative peripheral nerve injury is a significant source of morbidity for patients, and the second most frequent cause of professional liability for anesthesiologists, accounting for 16% of claims in…
Introduction Numerous preparations of intravenous (IV) fluid are available for the replacement of perioperative fluid losses in patients undergoing major surgery. The selection of a specific fluid may be influenced…
Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common phenomenon encountered by anesthesiologists in the operating room and intensive care unit (ICU) setting. It is also a feared complication of…
Introduction/Background The hemostatic system consisting of platelets, procoagulant and anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic activities plays a key role in the maintenance of human viability. It achieves hemostatic balance by…
Introduction Glucocorticoids were introduced into clinical practice in 1949 with the release of a purified preparation known as cortisone. The treatment was revolutionary for patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (AI)…
Introduction Perioperative blood loss is a common problem faced by anesthesiologists and surgeons. There is no substitute for proper surgical technique, but anesthesiologists have several ways in which they can…
Introduction The prevalence of diabetes in American society is increasing, and data for the year 2011 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that 25.8 million people,…
