INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Anatomical variants are those variations in normal anatomy that could be misinterpreted as pathological conditions. Many anatomical variants occur as remnants of embryological development and fetal…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen It is crucial for clinicians performing transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) examinations to understand how the controls on an ultrasound machine alter the display. Without this knowledge, it…
GUIDELINES AND CLINICAL INDICATIONS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE TRANSESOPHAGEAL EXAMINATION Print Section Listen Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) training and certification have become standardized with the use of recognized nomenclature and tomographic views.1…
PRINCIPLES OF DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Print Section Listen Doppler color flow imaging has evolved as the method of noninvasively imaging blood flow through the heart by displaying flow data superimposed on…
STRUCTURE AND DESIGN Print Section Listen Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) presents a unique opportunity to overcome the limitations posed by chest wall acoustic windows while allowing visualization of cardiac structures with…
BASICS OF ULTRASOUND1–3 Print Section Listen Nature and Properties of Ultrasound Waves Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 hertz. Frequencies higher than this range are…
