Coronary artery bypass grafting
Questions 1. What are the major determinants of myocardial oxygen supply and demand? 2. How is coronary artery disease treated, and which medications should be continued perioperatively? 3. What are…
Noncardiac surgery after heart transplantation
Questions 1. Explain the physiology of transplanted hearts. 2. Is reinnervation of the transplanted heart a concern? 3. Which immunosuppressive medications are typically used after heart transplantation? 4. What are…
Patient with a left ventricular assist device presenting for noncardiac surgery
Questions 1. What is a ventricular assist device? 2. What are important preanesthetic considerations for patients with a left ventricular assist device? 3. What anesthetic agents and techniques are appropriate…
Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators
Questions 1. What are the different types of pacemakers? 2. How does a pacemaker work? 3. What do the pacemaker codes represent? 4. Explain physiologic pacing. 5. What is mode…
Mitral stenosis
Questions 1. What are the etiology and pathophysiology of mitral stenosis? 2. How are preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility managed in patients with mitral stenosis? 3. Explain methods for…
Cardiac tamponade
Questions 1. What is cardiac tamponade? 2. What are the etiologies of cardiac tamponade? 3. What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade? 4. How is cardiac tamponade diagnosed?…
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Questions 1. Describe the anatomic abnormalities in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. 2. What changes in preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility optimize hemodynamic performance for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy? 3….
Aortic stenosis
Questions 1. Describe the symptoms of and long-term prognosis for aortic stenosis. 2. Identify the etiology of aortic stenosis. 3. What is the significance of aortic valve area and how…
Recent myocardial infarction
Questions 1. How do you evaluate cardiac risk in a patient scheduled for noncardiac surgery? 2. How is cardiac status evaluated before elective noncardiac surgery? 3. What is the cardiac…
Congestive heart failure
Questions 1. Name possible etiologies for dilated cardiomyopathy. 2. Explain the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. 3. Which monitors would you use for this patient in the perioperative period? 4. How…
