Prosthetic Valves
Prosthetic Valves Albert T. Cheung Worasak Keeyapaj INTRODUCTION The first successful artificial heart valves were implanted in 1960. Starr implanted a Starr-Edwards cagedball valve in a patient with rheumatic mitral…
Mitral Valve Repair
Mitral Valve Repair Maurice Hogan Jöerg Ender INDICATIONS Mitral valve regurgitation is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery (1). The only effective treatment for chronic severe disease remains…
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis Praveen Mehrotra Ira S. Cohen INTRODUCTION With the exception of coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, aortic valve replacement (AVR) for critical aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common…
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic Regurgitation Praveen Mehrotra Ira S. Cohen ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC REGURGITATION (AR) has evolved considerably with advances in echocardiographic technology since Ward et al. (1) first described the use of…
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Mitral Valve Stenosis Megan P. Kostibas Mary Beth Brady Colleen G. Koch INTRODUCTION The 19th century physician, Jean-Nicolas Corvisart established the diagnostic value of percussion in the physical diagnosis of…
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral Regurgitation Adam M. Dryden A. Stephane Lambert INTRODUCTION Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become a standard of care in the cardiac operating room, allowing the anesthesiologist to play an important…
Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia
Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia Joachim M. Erb Manfred D. Seeberger ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUPPLY Coronary Anatomy The myocardium has its own independent blood supply and drainage…
Quantitative Doppler and Hemodynamics
Quantitative Doppler and Hemodynamics Tzong Huei Chen Andrew Maslow Albert C. Perrino Jr. When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something…
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Diastolic Function
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Diastolic Function Amit Bardia Wanda M. Popescu INTRODUCTION The diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle is recognized as an important, independent component of cardiac performance. Quantification…
Doppler Technology and Technique
Doppler Technology and Technique Albert C. Perrino Jr. INTRODUCTION Two-dimensional echocardiography provides remarkable high-resolution, full motion display of cardiac structures. Yet despite the ability to reveal the most intricate anatomic…
