1. The shaping of the skull base and contiguous structures is a dynamic process involving reciprocal influences between the cranial base, the pharynx, the face, and primary and secondary palates. 2. Multiple…
1. The musculoskeletal system is derived from the paraxial mesoderm which begins to differentiate into somites during the 4th week of development. 2. Many common pediatric syndromes and associations such as VACTERL…
1. Much of our understanding of cardiac development is derived from research in nonhuman species with the expectation that the same processes occur in humans. 2. The etiology of congenital heart disease…
1. Large prospective studies indicate that regional anesthetics have a high degree of safety and efficacy in pediatric patients, and can be used for intraoperative anesthesia, postoperative analgesia, and for a…
1. Pediatric responses to drugs are determined by a large number of factors that change independently of one another during growth and development. 2. Children aged less that 12 months may have…
1. The septum transversum forms in the neck from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical myotomes and “descends” with the heart into the developing pleural cavity, subsequently separating into three layers….
1. A wide variety of disorders, with common as well as unique management principles, arise from the organs of the foregut. 2. These disorders are often associated with congenital anomalies and/or prematurity….
1. The undertreatment of pain in children remains a problem. This is because pain and pain management are difficult problems made more complex by the ever changing physical and psychological states…
1. Pediatric anesthesiologists have long recognized that pharmacologic and physiologic calculations are larger on a “per kg” basis for infants and children than for adults. 2. Using the kg3/4 calculation, metabolic oxygen…
1. Age and sex are the most important factors influencing the patterns of injury in pediatric trauma. 2. Because their cranial bones are thinner and their head-to-body ratio is greater, the contents…
