(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Causes of red urine Macroscopic haematuria Haemoglobinuria (haemolysis) Myoglobinuria Drugs: rifampicin; metronidazole; warfarin; nitrofurantoin Menstruation Food: beetroot (anthrocyanin); red cabbage; blackberries;…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Causes of dysphagia Oropharyngeal Neurological motility disorder: stroke; movement disorders (Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; multiple sclerosis; bulbar…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Factors predisposing to falls General: Advancing age Female gender Environmental hazards Previous falls Living alone Physiological/functional Muscle weakness Impaired balance/gait Impaired…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Stroke Stroke is a clinical diagnosis, associated with an acute presentation of ongoing focal neurological deficit that cannot be explained by…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   ABCD assessment in poisoning Airway: signs of obstruction (caustic ingestion; ACE inhibitors); loss of protective airway reflexes (CNS depression; seizures); increased…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Causes of acute red eye Uniocular Painless Normal vision: Subconjunctival haemorrhage Episcleritis Pterygium Pingueculum Conjunctivitis Painful Normal vision: Corneal stain: Negative…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Secondary dysmenorrhea is associated with underlying pelvic pathology and can lead to ED attendance. Causes of secondary dysmenorrhoea Lower genital tract:…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Approach to the patient with vertigo Vertigo is an illusory sensation of motion, that can be rotatory, linear, or vertical. Spontaneous…

(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   Description of skin lesions Macule: flat circumscribed lesion <1 cm in diameter, not palpable and characterized by change in colour of…