Total bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL (0.2–1.2 mg/dL) Direct bilirubin 2.8 mg/dL (0.1–0.4 mg/dL) AST 14 U/L (10–40 U/L) ALT 35 U/L (7–56 U/L) Alk phos 260 IU/L (44–147 IU/L) γGT 73…

Hemorrhagic shock class I II III IV Blood loss (mL) (% blood volume) <750 (15%) 750–1500 (15–30%) 1500–2000 (30–40%) >2000 (>40%) HR <100 >100 >120 >140 BP Normal Normal Decreased…

Fig. 26.1 Causes of hyponatremia [1, 2]   Plasma osmolality is calculated with the formula: (2 × Na + K) + (glucose/18) + (urea/2.8) Lab values for glucose and urea are reported in conventional units (mg/dL) and need conversion…

Fig. 27.1 Reproduced with permissions from The Permanente Journal [1]   2. Causes: (a) Inadequate intake: diet and alcoholism.   (b) Excessive renal loss: mineralocorticoid excess, Cushing’s syndrome, diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide and…

Fig. 21.1 12-lead ECG 1. What is concerning about this ECG?   2. What factors contribute toward this presentation?   3. How do you emergently correct this abnormality?   4….

Fig. 18.1 Observed EKG in obstetrics operating theater A parturient, gravida 7 para 6 at 38 weeks gestation, was placed under general anesthesia for an emergent C-section secondary to fetal bradycardia…

Fig 19.1 EKG showing dissociated pattern for P waves and QRS pattern   2. Can you determine the site of block in the AV conduction system by looking at the…

Fig. 14.1 Fetal heart tracing Answers 1. This tracing contains multiple decelerations. Decelerations are characterized by a decrease from baseline of at least 15 beats per minute (BPM), lasting at…