Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Hemorrhagic shock class I II III IV Blood loss (mL) (% blood volume) <750 (15%) 750–1500 (15–30%) 1500–2000 (30–40%) >2000 (>40%) HR <100 >100 >120 >140 BP Normal Normal Decreased…
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Basic Metabolic Panel I
Fig. 26.1 Causes of hyponatremia [1, 2] Plasma osmolality is calculated with the formula: (2 × Na + K) + (glucose/18) + (urea/2.8) Lab values for glucose and urea are reported in conventional units (mg/dL) and need conversion…
Basic Metabolic Panel II
Fig. 27.1 Reproduced with permissions from The Permanente Journal [1] 2. Causes: (a) Inadequate intake: diet and alcoholism. (b) Excessive renal loss: mineralocorticoid excess, Cushing’s syndrome, diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide and…
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
Fig. 14.1 Fetal heart tracing Answers 1. This tracing contains multiple decelerations. Decelerations are characterized by a decrease from baseline of at least 15 beats per minute (BPM), lasting at…
Small Bowel Obstruction
Fig. 21.1 Classic X-ray finding of SBO-dilated small bowel with air–fluid level within the bowel. © Dale Dangleben, MD Fig. 21.2 CT scan with extensive small bowel dilatation and fluid filled consistently…
Toxic Megacolon
Fig. 23.1 A patient with fulminant C. difficile colitis developed toxic megacolon with marked thickening of the colonic wall. © Dale Dangleben, MD Complications Toxic megacolon is a serious disease. Complications…
Paraesophageal Hernia
Fig. 16.1 This CT scan illustrates a gastric volvulus of a paraesophageal hernia. The “swirl” is seen within the stomach in the chest. © Dale Dangleben, MD Fig. 16.2 Large paraesophageal hernia…
