CHAPTER 18 Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Samer Narouze INDICATIONS The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is a large extracranial structure that has rich sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic innervations, which explains the autonomic features…
CHAPTER 10 Anticoagulation Guidelines Nirmala R. Abraham, Cathy D. Trame, and Sudhir Diwan INTRODUCTION Patients seeking interventional treatment for chronic pain can have a variety of medical problems. The aging…
CHAPTER 8 Botulinum Toxins Charles E. Argoff and Howard Smith BACKGROUND Botulinum toxins are neurotoxins produced by the gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium botulinum, as well as C butyricum, C…
Fig. 7.1 Metaxalone was approved as a muscle relaxant in the 1960s when two small studies suggested benefit in degree of low back spasm over the painful area and decreased…
Fig. 1.1 Schematic displays the defining psychophysical properties that characterize the pain report after an acute high-intensity stimulus (left) and that after a local tissue injury (right). As indicated, in…
Fig. 15.1 In the top row, the three schematics for gas chromatography show that samples containing morphine, hydrocodone, and a combination of the two can be distinguished from one another…
Fig. 10.1 Intracellular opioid actions (With permission from Trescot et al. [5]) Fig. 10.2 Opioid receptors, pre- and postsynaptic (With permission from Trescot et al. [5]) The dopaminergic system in…
Fig. 18.1 Putative mechanism of endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signaling in the nervous system. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by glutamate triggers the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC)-diacylglycerol lipase (DGL)…
Fig. 14.1 Molecular structure of methadone Methadone’s activity at opioid sub-receptors is unique. Like morphine, methadone has agonist affinity for both the mu and delta opioid receptors. However, in animal…
