Complication Diagnosis of problem Treatment of problem Neuraxis complications Nerve injury CT or MRI, EMG/NCS/physical exam Steroid protocol, anticonvulsants, neurosurgery consult Epidural fibrosis Increased stimulation amplitude Lead reprogramming, lead revision…

Fig. 40.1 Langer’s lines Knowing the direction of Langer’s lines within a specific area of the skin is important for surgical operations, particularly cosmetic surgery. If a surgeon has a…

Neuropathies: diabetic, alcohol-induced, metabolic, nutritional deficiency, heavy metal, chemotherapy-induced, idiopathic, infectious (HIV, syphilis) Spine-induced pain: disc impingement of the nerve, foraminal narrowing, central stenosis, epidural fibrosis, arachnoiditis, mechanical entrapment of…

Fig. 11.1 The course of tunneling is planned based on landmarks and the best direction for placing the tunneling tool Fig. 11.2 Local anesthesia placed along the tract for tunneling…

Inclusion criteria  Amputation of lower or upper limb  Chronic pain from amputation for ≥6 months  Pain refractory to conventional medical management  Severe pain in an amputated limb (worst pain intensity…

Fig. 23.1 Location of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) as compared to the pedicle Fig. 23.2 Radiographic of DRG location. Blue indicates pedicle; red indicates neuroforamen; yellow indicates DRG Using…

Fig. 17.1 Ilioinguinal nerve stimulation Chronic orchialgia may be caused by structural abnormalities including wallerian degeneration of the spermatic cord or vasal nerves. This may explain how neurostimulation of the…

Fig. 29.1 (a) Dissection of muscles in the buttock. (b) Dissection to the popliteal nerve for open technique nerve placement 29.2 Technical Overview Ultrasound guidance technology can be used for…

Fig. 27.1 Anatomy of the knee and its innervation 27.3 Patient Selection The ideal patient for consideration of PNS to treat knee pain can be identified by several characteristics. The…

Fig. 7.1 The bevel of the needle should be cephalad (b) and the lead should be introduced with the goal of placement within the posterior epidural space (a) Once the…