Urinary Tract Diseases
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) may be nonspecific in neonates and young infants. Urinary catheterization is the preferred method for obtaining…
EMERGENCY MEDICINE
Specific Renal Syndromes
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Edema, hematuria, and oliguria suggest acute glomerulonephritis. Children with nephrotic syndrome are usually immunocompromised and are at risk for life-threatening infection. Patients with hemolytic uremic…
Hypo- and Hypernatremia Abnormalities
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Sodium concentration reflects both the sodium and water contents of the body. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is one of the primary regulatory hormones for sodium concentration….
Hypo- and Hyperkalemia Abnormalities
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Serum potassium levels reflect only 2% of total body potassium. Therapy for hyperkalemia is aimed at halting intake, stabilizing cellular membranes, intracellular translocation, and enhancing…
Hypo- and Hypercalcemia Abnormalities
HIGH YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Less than one percent of the body’s calcium is in the circulation. Only the ionized form of circulating calcium is physiologically active. Parathyroid hormone…
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Fluid therapy is guided by knowledge of the composition, distribution, and movement of body water. Fluid requirements are divided into three parts: Maintenance fluids Deficit…
Acid–Base Disturbances in Children
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Metabolic acidosis is usually accompanied by respiratory compensation (tachypnea). Chronic respiratory acidosis is usually accompanied by gradual metabolic compensation (increases in serum bicarbonate). Acute respiratory…
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Examination of the posterior pharynx in patients with hematemesis may reveal posterior epistaxis as the cause. The Apt–Downey test can differentiate swallowed maternal blood from…
Common Parasitic Infestations
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Parasitic infections may affect virtually all organ systems. Some parasites only begin to produce symptoms months to years after the initial exposure. Ascaris lumbricoides is…
Common Allergic Presentations
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Allergy related disease is extremely common and will present frequently to the emergency department (ED). The diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis/rhinitis is often missed or delayed….
