Chapter 6 – Evacuation of Acute Epidural and Subdural Hematomas
Abstract There are three meninges covering the brain: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The dura mater is the thickest and strongest membrane, and is firmly…
EMERGENCY MEDICINE
Chapter 10 – Axillary Vessels
Abstract External landmarks: The axillary vessels start at the middle of the clavicle, course deep under the deltopectoral groove, and end at the lateral border of the axilla. The axillary…
Chapter 5 – Intracranial Pressure Monitors
Abstract Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be measured by a monitor placed into one of the lateral ventricles; in the subarachnoid, subdural, or epidural spaces; or in the brain parenchyma. ICP…
Chapter 7 – Neck Operations for Trauma
Abstract For trauma purposes the neck is divided into three distinct anatomical zones. Zone 1: from the sternal notch to the cricoid cartilage. Zone 2: from the cricoid cartilage to…
Chapter 1 – Trauma Operating Room
Abstract A large operating room (OR) situated near the emergency department, elevators, and ICU should be designated as the Trauma OR to facilitate the logistics of patient flow and minimize…
Chapter 12 – Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Abstract In this chapter, we consider spontaneous hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma and ventricles (intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH). Non-traumatic bleeding into the subarachnoid space (subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH) is covered in Chapter…
Chapter 9 – Transient Ischemic Attack
Abstract Transient neurological symptoms often present a difficult diagnostic dilemma. It is often difficult to tell if the transient symptoms were due to ischemia or due to something else (see…
Chapter 10 – Less Common Causes of Stroke
Abstract Most strokes are caused by the mechanisms already described, i.e., cardioembolism, atherosclerosis, and small-vessel disease, but at least 20% are due to other mechanisms. This is even more likely…
Chapter 11 – Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Abstract Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is the thrombosis of dural venous sinuses and/or cerebral veins. It accounts for 0.5% of all strokes. It occurs predominantly in the younger population…
Chapter 13 – Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Abstract This chapter covers the diagnosis and management of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of intracranial aneurysms. At the end of the chapter we also discuss unruptured intracranial aneurysms….
