Abstract The uterus, adnexa, superior bladder, and upper rectum are peritonealized. These structures attach to the pelvis and to one another via a variety of peritoneal reflections and vascular and…

Abstract The popliteal fossa is diamond-shaped and its borders are formed by the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles superiomedially, the biceps femoris muscle superiolaterally, the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle…

Abstract The overall pelvic anatomy and orientation of the pelvic organs is similar to the nongravid state (see Chapter 35 Emergency Hysterectomy) with the following exceptions: Prior to the 12th…

Abstract The indications for shunting after vascular injury include damage control for patients in extremis, the presence of associated fractures requiring fixation, the need for transportation to specialized centers for…

Abstract Severe bleeding in complex pelvic fractures usually originates from branches of the internal iliac artery, presacral venous plexus, fractured bones, and soft tissues. Major iliac vascular injuries are encountered…

Abstract The anterior abdominal wall has four muscles: The external oblique, the internal oblique, the transversalis, and the rectus muscles. The aponeuroses of the first three muscles form the rectus…

Abstract The trachea divides into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle (T4 level). The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical compared…

Abstract The common femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery and is approximately 4 cm long. It begins directly behind the inguinal ligament, midway between the anterior…

Abstract The liver is tethered by the following ligaments: The falciform ligament attaches the liver anteriorly to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall above the umbilicus. The coronary ligaments…

Abstract The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the two common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth to fifth lumbar vertebrae (surface landmark is the umbilicus). The common iliac arteries…