Abstract The esophagus is approximately 25 cm in length and begins at the level of the C6 vertebra. The external landmark is the cricoid cartilage. It terminates 2–3 cm below…

Abstract The diaphragm consists of a peripheral muscular segment and central aponeurotic segment. It is attached to the lower sternum, the lower six ribs, and the lumbar spine. During expiration…

Abstract Damage Control (DC) initially referred to surgical techniques used in the operating room. This concept has now been expanded to include damage control resuscitation, which includes permissive hypotension, early…

Abstract Anatomy of the ribs. There are 12 ribs on each side. All 12 connect posteriorly with the vertebrae of the spine. Ribs 1–7 connect anteriorly directly to the sternum,…

Abstract The spleen lies under the ninth to eleventh ribs, under the diaphragm. It is lateral to the stomach and anterosuperior to the left kidney. The tail of the pancreas…

Abstract Trauma laparotomy set Fixed abdominal retractor, e.g., Bookwalter Adequate lighting including a headlamp Temporary abdominal closure devices should be available, if needed Chapter 25 Gastrointestinal Tract Morgan Schellenberg ,…

Abstract The trachea is 10–12 cm long and 2–2.5 cm wide, extending from C6 to T5. The trachea is composed of 16–20 incomplete rings with a flattened posterior wall of…

Abstract The following are the major muscles that will be encountered and may be divided during thoracic operations for trauma. Anterior Chest Wall: Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles Pectoralis…

Abstract The duodenum lies in front of the right kidney and renal vessels, the right psoas muscle, the inferior vena cava, and the aorta (Figure 26.1). The duodenum is approximately…

Abstract Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) is a compliant, endovascular balloon designed to occlude the thoracic or lower abdominal aorta in hemorrhagic shock, for temporary control of…