Intussusception Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Intussusception is when the proximal portion of the intestine invaginates into the distal portion, causing an obstruction. Early in the process, lymphatic return is…

Acute Otitis Media Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Diagnosis of acute otitis media (AOM) requires (1) a history of acute onset of signs/symptoms, (2) presence of middle-ear effusion, and (3)…

Orbital Cellulitis Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the soft tissues of the orbit posterior to the orbital septum. Infection may involve all the orbital…

Esophageal Foreign Bodies Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Ingested foreign bodies (FBs) account for many emergency department visits, and most pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract spontaneously. However, in children…

Kawasaki Disease Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Kawasaki disease (KD; also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is an immune-mediated disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in genetically predisposed children…

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Print Section Listen Diabetic ketoacidosis/ketoacidemia (DKA) is an absolute or relative insulin deficiency resulting in ketone body production and decreased serum total CO2 concentration. This potentially life-threatening metabolic…

Tracheobronchial Foreign Bodies Print Section Listen Clinical Features Foreign body (FB) aspiration, though uncommon, accounts for 7% of deaths in children under 4 years of age. Most aspirated FBs become…

Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Scarlet Fever Print Section Listen Clinical Summary “Strep throat” is acute tonsillopharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic streptococci [GABHS]) in the majority, and occasionally by…

Mongolian Spots Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Mongolian spots (also referred to as blue-gray macule of infancy) are the most frequently encountered birthmarks in neonates. Melanin-containing melanocytes in the dermis…

Bradycardia Print Section Listen Clinical Summary Bradycardia is a heart rate below normal range for age with many etiologies. Bradycardia of <60 beats per minute (bpm) associated with poor systemic…