Anemia Duke Kasprisin M.D. The term “anemia” literally means “without blood” and is often used as if it were a disease, rather than a manifestation of an underlying disease process….

Urinary Tract Infection Tracy N. Offerdahl Pharm.D. Elena M. Umland Pharm.D. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common and may range in severity from uncomplicated cystitis to severe pyelonephritis. These infections…

Urinary Incontinence Elena M. Umland Pharm.D. Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine. It is not a disease, but rather a symptom of an underlying process. It is…

Nephrotic and Nephritic Renal Disease Hillary Wall Pharm.D. Joseph A. Grillo Pharm.D. Eva Fischer M.D. Glomerular disease is the third largest cause of chronic renal insufficiency in the United States….

Chronic Renal Failure Richard MacDougall RPA-C The kidney has many important regulatory functions, such as body fluid volume, solute dilution and concentration, acid–base balance, and excretion of waste products. The…

Acute Renal Failure Gail A. Breen PharmD, BCPS Acute renal failure (ARF) is a deterioration of renal function, over a period of hours to days, resulting in failure of the…

Peptic Ulcer Disease Paul Cohen MD Approaches to peptic ulcer disease (PUD) have changed throughout the years. The etiology of PUD is multifactorial. Initially thought of as a disease associated…

Pancreatitis: Acute and Chronic Gwyneth Davis MD Pancreatitis, an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, may be classified as acute or chronic. Most cases of acute pancreatitis are caused by either…

Inflammatory Bowel Disease James F. Marion MD Catherine M. Concert MS, RN, CS, FNP Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease are chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel and share many…

Hepatitis Charlotte C. Cabello MSN, RN At present, there are at least five well-known hepatotropic viruses: hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. A new hepatotropic virus, hepatitis G, has…