Chapter 63 – Stomach and Vomiting
Abstract Temporary storage of large meals – releasing ingested food slowly into the small intestine. Chapter 63 Stomach and Vomiting What are the functions of the stomach? The stomach has…
ANESTHESIA
Chapter 64 – Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption
Abstract The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a tube that extends from mouth to anus and is approximately 9 m in length. It consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and…
Chapter 58 – The Electrocardiogram
Abstract The electrocardiogram (ECG) represents a summation of electrical activity in the heart, derived from extracellular electrode recordings obtained from the body surface. Although a detailed description of ECG analysis…
Chapter 57 – Cardiac Muscle
Abstract The primary function of the heart is ejection of blood into the vascular system. Individual cardiomyocytes are specialised in the generation of spontaneous activity (automaticity), transmission of the resulting…
Chapter 62 – Saliva, Oesophagus and Swallowing
Abstract A volume of 500–1000 mL of saliva is secreted by the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands per day in response to the thought, smell, taste and presence of food…
Chapter 60 – Pain Physiology
Abstract Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in…
Chapter 61 – The Eye and Intraocular Pressure
Abstract The globe is an approximately spherical structure made up of three layers (Figure 61.1). Chapter 61 The Eye and Intraocular Pressure Describe the anatomy of the globe of the…
Chapter 59 – Autonomic Nervous System
Abstract The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the portion of the nervous system that innervates smooth muscle and glands, thus influencing the function of internal organs that regulate heart rate…
Chapter 54 – Skeletal Muscle
Abstract Locomotion: contraction of muscle reduces the distance between its sites of origin and insertion, thereby producing movement. Chapter 54 Skeletal Muscle What are the functions of skeletal muscle? Locomotion:…
Chapter 55 – Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs
Abstract Proprioception refers to the detection of stimuli relating to body position in space and postural equilibrium. Mechanoreceptors within muscle, joints and tendons relay sensory information about joint position, movement,…
