Chapter 4 – Drug Interaction
Abstract Interactions occur when one drug modifies the action of another. This interaction may either increase or decrease the second drug’s action. Sometimes these interactions result in unwanted effects, but…
ANESTHESIA
Chapter 5 – Isomerism
Abstract Isomerism is the phenomenon by which molecules with the same atomic formulae have different structural arrangements – the component atoms of the molecule are the same, but they are…
Chapter 3 – Drug Action
Abstract Drugs may act in a number of ways to exert their effect. These range from relatively simple non-specific actions that depend on the physicochemical properties of a drug to…
Chapter 2 – Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
Abstract Drugs may be given by a variety of routes; the route chosen depends on the desired site of action and the type of drug preparations available. Routes used commonly…
Chapter 1 – Drug Passage across the Cell Membrane
Abstract Many drugs need to pass through one or more cell membranes to reach their site of action. A common feature of all cell membranes is a phospholipid bilayer, about…
Transesophageal Echocardiography for Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
Transesophageal Echocardiography for Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult Pablo Motta Carolyn L. Taylor Wanda C. Miller-Hance INTRODUCTION Advances in medical and surgical care over the last several decades have…
Cardiac Masses and Embolic Sources
Cardiac Masses and Embolic Sources Farid Jadbabaie INTRODUCTION Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an extremely useful imaging modality for the assessment of cardiac masses and sources of emboli. Enhanced resolution of…
Intraprocedural Echocardiographic Guidance for Transcatheter Interventions in Aortic and Mitral Position
Intraprocedural Echocardiographic Guidance for Transcatheter Interventions in Aortic and Mitral Position Chirojit Mukherjee INTRODUCTION Transcatheter interventions are viable option in patients suffering from a stenotic or incompetent valve and had…
Techniques and Tricks for Optimizing Transesophageal Images
Techniques and Tricks for Optimizing Transesophageal Images Loren R. Francis Eric Nelson Alan C. Finley Scott T. Reeves INTRODUCTION The accuracy and diagnostic confidence of a transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) study…
Common Artifacts and Pitfalls of Clinical Echocardiography
Common Artifacts and Pitfalls of Clinical Echocardiography Fabio Guarracino Albert C. Perrino Jr. INTRODUCTION Clinically important imaging artifacts result from the interplay of the ultrasound system, the patient, and the…
