Back Pain Elaine Rabin Nelson Wong Introduction Acute lower back pain is most commonly defined as lower back pain of less than 6 weeks duration. In the emergency department (ED),…

Chest Pain Jessica Hernandez Jarone Lee Introduction Chest pain accounts for 10% of visits to the emergency department (ED). Etiologies of chest pain range from life threatening to benign. Forty-five…

Headache David Ng Epidemiology of Headache The prevalence of migraines is 10%–15%, and females are affected three times more than men. Patients presenting with headache account for up to 4%…

Pediatric Pain Assessment and Nonpharmacological Therapy Tracy Akitt Sadie Bartram Sheryl Christie Karen Paling Introduction Many factors can contribute to how a child perceives pain and copes with anxiety-provoking situations….

Local Anesthetics Brian Levy Jonathan Sherbino Introduction Local anesthetics are commonly used in the emergency department (ED) for laceration repair and regional analgesia. Inca Indians first used cocaine, derived from…

Pharmacology of Pain Management Leanne Drehmer Pharmacology of Pain Management Numerous classes of medications are available for the treatment of pain, and the treatment can be tailored depending on the…

Chronic Pain Management in the ED Rahim Valani Introduction Chronic pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as pain without the biological value that has…

Pediatric Procedural Sedation Savithiri Ratnapalan Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia Procedural sedation is the technique of administering a single drug or a combination of drugs with sedative, analgesic, or dissociative…

Adverse Events and Complications of Procedural Sedation Angela Stone Mark Freedman Overview The complication rate of procedural sedation is estimated to be <1% in the hospitals and specialties routinely practicing…